Useful Expressions for Writing Papers/Making Presentations

Prepared by Professor Joshua Snyder

(snyder@postech.ac.kr)

Ms. Eun Sook Choi

(eschoi51@postech.ac.kr)

2007.6.29

참고: 1) 본 자료는 표현상의 모든 사항들에 대한 망라가 결코 아닙니다 (진행중).

2) 본 자료는 생명과학과 홈페이지에 게재되어 있습니다.

3) 자신이 알고 있으며 타인과 공유하고 싶으신 표현이 있다면,

최은숙에게로 보내주시면, 수합하여 더욱	나은 자료집을 만들어 나가고자 합니다.

1. The Elements of Presentation (별첨 자료)

2. 영어 발표 Tips

1) 전체구조 : Introduction...... Ending

2) 하부구조: In this light, we view three contributions that we make: First..., second...

3) 주요 단어들 (특히, 이니셜로 된 것들) 명확한 발음 (예, cellular, chemotherapy, vesical vs basical)

(예, TNF)

4) 정확한 stress (예, MEchanism, not mechaNISM)

5) 올바른 intonation (예, 열거시 up, up, and down)

6) 슬라이더 혹은 화제 바꿀 시 공백 표현 (예, Let's now look at...)

7) 효과적인 Transitional words 사용 (연속적, 추가적, 결과적, 반대적 상황)

8) Delivery skills (예. 자신있는 제스처, 청중 향해서, 외워서 하지 않음 등)

9) 슬라이더에 너무 긴 글은 회피 (읽는다던지, 청중이 읽도록 만들어서는 안 됨)

10) 청중의 관심을 자극하고 질문을 유도함으로, 적절한 긴장감 유지

2. 구조상의 각 부분에서 흔히 사용되는 표현

1) Introduction

Good morning/afternoon/evening, my name is… from…

Good morning/afternoon/evening, I’m… from…

Today/this morning/this afternoon/this evening, I’d like to speak about…

Today/this morning/this afternoon/this evening, I’d like to inform you of…

Today/this morning/this afternoon/this evening, I hope to inform you of…

Today/this morning/this afternoon/this evening, I’d like to demonstrate…

Today/this morning/this afternoon/this evening, I hope to demonstrate…

Today/this morning/this afternoon/this evening, I’d like to explain…

Today/this morning/this afternoon/this evening, I hope to explain…

It is my pleasure to speak to you today/this morning/this afternoon/this evening about…

It is my honor to speak to you today/this morning/this afternoon/this evening about…

The focus of my presentation will be on…

The (main) topic of my presentation will be…

The purpose of my presentation is to inform you/demonstrate/explain…

2) Contents

The main contents of my presentation are as follows…

The main topics I will cover in this presentation are the following…

My presentation will proceed in the following order…

3) Background

Let us first look at/examine…

Before we begin, let us look at/examine…

Before moving onto the main topic of this presentation, let us look at/examine…

I would like to begin by first looking at/examining…

4) Introducing Body

Let us now move onto the main topic of this presentation…

We now move onto the main topic of this presentation…

Let me now present my research finding…

Let us now turn our attention to…

Now that we’ve look at/examined… (any one of the above)

After this background about… (any one of the above)

5) Transitions

Now/Next, let us turn our attention to/examine…

Now/Next, I will show/demonstrate/explain…

Now/Next, let me show/demonstrate/explain…

Now/Next, allow me to show/demonstrate/explain…

Now/Next, I’d like to show/demonstrate/explain…

Now that we’ve look at/examined… (any one of the above minus "Now/Next")

After having looked at/examined … (any one of the above minus "Now/Next")

6) Explaining Figures

Please turn your attention to this figure/chart/diagram/graph…

Let us now look at/examine this figure/chart/diagram/graph…

This figure/chart/diagram/graph shows…

This figure/chart/diagram/graph illustrates…

This figure/chart/diagram/graph represents…

This figure/chart/diagram/graph explains…

This figure/chart/diagram/graph depicts…

This figure/chart/diagram/graph breaks down…

This figure/chart/diagram/graph lists…

This figure/chart/diagram/graph outlines…

(Pointing) Here, we see…

(Pointing) Here, it is shown…

(Pointing) Here, is seen…

(Pointing) Here, we can see…

(Pointing) This shows…

(Pointing) This indicates…

7) Explaining Experiments

(In order to…) We/I conducted/performed/attempted…

8) Introducing Examples

In the case of… (NOT "In case of…")

As for…

9) Summarizing

As a summary…

To summarize (my presentation)…

In summary…

To restate my main points/ideas/findings/conclusions…

10) Final Words

Thank you.

Thank you for listening.

Thank you for listening to my presentation.

Do you have any questions?

I’d be happy to answer your questions.

I’d be happy to answer any questions you might have.

4. 다양한 표현들

<동사>

* 관련있다	A is related to(with) B.

A is associated with B.

A & B are correlated.

A has something/nothing to do with B.

A is (ir)relevant to B.

* 유사하다	A is similar to B.

A is like B.

A and B are alike.

A is the same as B. (동일하다)

(be 동사 대신 look 사용시, -하게 보인다)

* 전자를 선택하는 것이 (더) 논리적(적절,합당)이다(하게 보인다)

It is (more) logical (appropriate, reasonable) to choose the former.

It seems ---

The former is a (more) logical (appropriate, reasonable) choice.

The former seems (like) ---

* 본 실험의 성공을 보장(장담)할 수(는) 없다

No guarantee can be given as to the success of this experiment.

The experiment cannot be guaranteed for success.

* 최근 연구결과들이 이 가설을 뒷받침

Recent research results seem to support/corroborate this hypothesis.

According to recent studies, this hypothesis seems to be a viable one.

* 이해, 파악, 규명, 밝혀내다, 발견하다, 알아내다

understand / figure out / grasp / comprehend

decipher / elucidate / clarify

identify / gain knowledge of

discover / reveal

unveil /unlock  / uncover / unfold

* 설명하다

describe

explain

articulate

discuss

* 실험을 하다

do/conduct/perform/attempt experiments on -

experiments are done/conducted/performed/attempted on -

*(본 연구의 목적은) -를 위하여

(in order 혹은 so as) to understand/elucidate the mechanism involved in --

(in order 혹은 so) that we may understand the --

for the purpose of understanding/elucidating the ---

Major objective of this study is to understand the --

This study aims to understand (at understanding) the --

This study is in the interest of achieving accuracy.

* A에게 -을 알려주다

A should be made aware of the fact --

A should be notified (informed) of the fact --

One should inform A that --

* 누구에게 -을 요구하다

require 사람 that 요구 내용 (동사원형)

We require the students that they (should) make presentations in English.

require -요구사항 of 사람

We require English presentation of all students.

수동태

The students are required to make presentations.

Making presentations is required of the students.

(문법설명: require 사람 -을 (4형식: 간목, 직목)

3 형식 전환시: require -을 of 사람 )

* -에 최소한/적은/많은 영향을 주다/거의 영향을 주지 않다.

A has a minimal/some/considerable/little impact(effect) on B.

A affects B 부사 (많이: considerably, significantly, to a great extent)

(조금: a little, to a minor degree, 부정does not affect much)

* A에는 여러 요인들이 작용한다

Many factors are at work(working, involved) in A.

There are many factors working on ---

A incorporates many factors.

* A는 B를 의미한다

A means B.

B is meant by A.

A indicates (imply, suggest) B.

A is translated as B.

A is referred to as B.

A is defined as B.

A is read (a bit) like B.

* -얼마만큼 감소하다

cut - in half

cut - by one-third (30%)

decrease

drop

reduce

diminish

* - 할 가능성이 줄어든다

There is less of a chance (possibility) that

* 증가하다

rise

increase

soar

jump up

step up (The health department is stepping up their efforts to reduce teenage smoking.)

be on the increase/rise (Crime rate is fast on the rise.)

* 번창하다

grow

flourish

prosper

* 나중에 (보다 상세히) 설명하다

We will defer discussion of this until later in this chapter

We will talk about this later in this chapter.

This will be addressed more in detail at the end of this chapter.

* -할 경우 -가 우선하다

In cases of conflict between A and B (In cases when A and B are in conflict),

A takes precedence over B.

A precedes B.

A has priority to (over) B.

* -하도록(하지않도록) 조심해야 한다.

Care(Attention) should(must) be taken(paid) (not) to -

Care must be taken not to get the specimens infected.

One has to be careful

Carefully, one should -

* -을 참고하라

(Please) note (the fact) that --

Please take a note (of the fact) that --

Please refer to -

* -에게 힌트/지침/영향을 주다

give clues to -

shed/cast/throw (new, some) lights on -

provide/present/offer (new) insights/directions/ to -

add/offer a new dimension of therapy to -

* 받아들이다, 인정하다, 수용하다

accept

admit

acknowledge

accommodate

* 선택의 여지가 없다

have no choice but to accept the result

cannot help accepting

* -가 없지는 않다 (-가 있다의 강조)

not without -

He is not without shortcomings.

* 어떠한 특징이 있다

명사적 have properties (characteristics, features) of high strength

동사적 - is characterized of high strength

- is featured with high strength

* 최신화하다

update

keep(make) it up-to-date

keep abreast of

keep pace with

* - 첨부(동봉)하다

I have attached/enclosed ---

I am attaching/enclosing ---

-- is attached/enclosed for your reference

Please find attached/enclosed ---

* 문제를 다루다(해결하다)

solve

address

(This paper addresses the problem of --  수동태 The issue of -- is addressed in this paper.)

deal with

* 혼돈을 야기하다

Confusion may arise in deciding -

People may be confused in --

It causes confusion to people.

It may inflict confusion on people.

* -할 필요가 있다(없다)

There is (no) point (need) to --  (혹은 in 동사ing)

There is of (no) use to -- (혹은 for 동사ing)

* -할 때(경우)가 있다

There are times (cases) in which (when, where) ----

* -대하여 감을 잡다

get a sense of -

have a feeling of -

grasp the meaning of -

* 바라는 바이다, 바라는 바-

We hope that -

It is our hope that -

we expect/hope that

It is expected that

in the hope that -

* 부응하다 충족하다

serve the needs of the audience

satisfy the needs of -

meet with the needs of -

answer the needs of -

* - 덕택이다

Thanks to --

I am indebted to -- for much (part) of the foregoing analysis.

I am obliged to --

* --의 혜택을 입다, -를 이롭게 활용하다

Aptamer synthesis can benefit from economies of scale.

take advantage of -

capitalize on -

leverage

bear on

* 개선/개량하다

improve	improvement

enhance	enhancement

alleviate	alleviation

advance	advancement

get better

pave the way for

* 강화하다

enrich	enrichment

reinforce	reinforcement

strengthen	strengthening

empower	empowerment

enforce	enforcement

* 강조하다

emphasize

focus

underline

highlight

center on

* 나쁘게 하다 악화시키다

make it worse

deteriorate

compound (be compounded by)

complicate

* -에게 (심각한) 해를 끼치다(않는다)

do(cause) serious (no) harm to -

inflict harm on -

* 거슬리다 방해하다 막다 금지하다

irritate

annoy

bother

interrupt

block

stop	A broken leg won't stop/keep/prevent me from going there.

keep

prevent

be in the way

* 야기하다 일으키다

bring up

give rise to

cause

* 연구하다 살펴보다 조사하다 분석하다

study

examine

investigate

review

analyze

* 만들다/생산/제작하다

make

produce

fabricate

produce

manufacture

* 형태를 띄다

take up its proper shape

shape up

* 구별하다

A is differentiated from B.

One tells the difference between A and B.

* 관점/견해/입장이다,  -의 입장에서 보면

The scientific community takes the view that --

There is a prevailing/widespread view that --

Some people hold strong views that --

Some people espoused (supported) the (point of) view that ---

From the perspective/standpoint of government grant administrators,

From a performance standpoint,

In view of --

* 분산/배포하다

disperse

distribute

spread over

* 전제로 하다

It assumes/presupposes that --

under the assumption/presumption that --

* 나타내다

show, present, offer

reveal:	Close observation of A reveals that ---

display:  That displays sufficient specificity for -

exhibit: A does not exhibit any intrinsic toxicity

demonstrate: A demonstrates an overt (little, no) impact on -

* -한(할) 것같다 (같아 보인다)

It is (a bit/ quite) like 명사

It seems to -

It appears to -

It is (highly) likely to -

Probably it will -

It maybe (perhaps) will -

* A는 -하도록 되어있다 (해야한다)

A is supposed to -

A should(has to, must) do -

The regulation specifies/stipulates that -

* -가 -하게끔 되어 있다.

- is such that ---

Life is such that all have to cry at times.

* 대충 살펴보다

do a quick run-through of --

let's take a quick look at ---

* 접근하다 (가까이 가다)

get closer to -

have access to

is accessible

접근성 accessibility  근접성 proximity

근처/인근에 (부사) : nearby, next to, around, in the vicinity of -

* 발전/진전/성과를 이루다

make (no/little) headway towards finding a solution

make progress towards

achieve (outstanding) outcome

* -로 성장하다 -가 되다

become -

grow into -

give rise to -

* A에 대한 요구가 늘다 (A가 요구된다)

increasing demand/call for - A

Demand for A is rising

A is increasingly demanded.

A is on demand.

* 곤경에 빠지다

fall on hard times

be involved in a difficult situation

the country was mired in recession.

* 종결되다

finish

come to an end

end up

be over

be through with

complete

*-에 달려있다

depend on

rest upon

rely on

hinge on

be up to -

be at our disposal/discretion.

* -하게 해준다

enable

allow

permit

let

* - 대신에 -을 얻게 된다

There is a trade-off between the benefits of the drug and the risk of side effects.

Lack of space is an acceptable trade-off for a sporty design.

Inflation is often a trade-off for healthy economic growth.

* -가 분명하다(한 것 같다)

It is (very, quite) clear/certain that -

It seems clear that -

It may/might/could be clear

It is (highly) likely that

It looks (is) like

What does it look like?	What is the weather like?

How does it look?	How is the weather?

<부사적>

마찬가지로	likewise,

역시	similarly,

반대로	contrarily, on the contrary

대조적으로	In contrast, -

비교(대조)해보면	in(by) comparison, in contrast,

-와 반대로/대조적으로 as opposed to

-에 관하여	As to -

when it comes to -

with respect to -

In respect of -

regarding/ as regards/ in(with) regard to

in this/that regard

pertaining to

그렇지 않다면	Otherwise,

-와 달리(처럼)	Unlike(Like) - ,

- 외에도	Apart(Aside) from - ,

Besides - ,

In addition to -,

그보다는 차라리 Better yet, --

아예 --	Better still,  혹은 Still better,

(Why don't you give her a call or, still better, go and see her?

실로 --	In fact, -  Indeed,

설상가상	To make matters worse,

Worse still,

대신에 --	Instead

Rather than --

이거든 저거든 간에	Either way,

이상에서 보듯	Taken together,

As (seen, shown, observed) above,

한 단계 더 나아가	Taking/Carrying one step further,

때때로	At times,

--이와같이, --	and, as such, ---

and are, thus, inherently foreign to

-대신에	in stead of

in place of

쭉, 내내	all the way from - to -

Prices vary all the way from $5 to $50.

-할 경우	in case of -    in case of emergency

when -	when emergency arise

어떤 (다른) 의미에서 보면	In a certain(different) sense,

- 혹은(그렇지 않으면) -	A or (otherwise) B

그런 이유로	for this reason

It is for this reason that --

의심이 가면	when in doubt,

in case of suspicion,

when one doubts it,

전체적으로	in total

all told,

(when) taken together

일부는	in part

partly

표면적으로는

on the surface, this seems like --

마지막으로	Last, but not the least,

Last, but (perhaps) just as important,

가장 중요하게,

most important of all,

도표에서 보듯이,

as shown/presented/offered/provided in Table (Figure) II-2,

as displayed/exhibited/demonstrated/illustrated in -,

as listed/summarized/outlined in the table,

-에 대한 방비(대책)으로

as  a provision (protective measure) against (from) -

다음으로 넘어가기 전에 --

Before we move on to the next section, I'd like to talk about -

One last comment that I want to make before leaving this section is -

지난 수십년 간

over the last twenty years (two decades)

처음에는 --- 나중에는 ---

At first---, later --

In the beginning --,  later --

at an earlier stage --, at later stages --

At the outset --

일찌감치

(pretty, quite) early on

It was known quite early on that ---

현재로는 (지금까지)

at present, presently, currently, lately, of late, -- to date, so far

현재까지의 연구에 의하면,

according to studies conducted to date

in accordance with current studies

based on recent test data

앞에서 언급/설명한 것처럼

as previously mentioned/described/explained (in previous chapter)

급속히

at a fast/phenomenal/dramatic rate

at an astonishing pace

fast

rapidly

drastically

dramatically

순식간에, 즉시, 신속하게

within seconds/minutes of the opening

instantaneously

immediately after -

promptly

shortly after the opening -

어느정도

to a certain degree

to some extent

to a certain/great extent

-하자마자 --

as soon as one receives --

--- upon receiving --

-- 함으로써

by increasing the time --

through close contact

via --

based on --

처음부터 새로	out of scratch

있는 그대로

as it is (stands)

as they are (stand)

70년대 중반/후반

in the mid 1970s

in the mid-to-late 1970s

그 결과

as a result,

consequently,

as a consequence

그 자체로

in its(their) own right

-배만큼이나

A is five times as strong as B (A) in Y

A (in X) is five times as strong as (A) in Y

(어쩌다 보니) 결과적으로-

As it turns out, the timing is perfect.

쉬워 보이긴 하지만

simple as this example seems,

(문법: although this example seems simple에서 도치)

간단히 설명하자면,

to keep/make things simple,

어떻게 하더라도

no mater how we do the experiments, the result is ---

우선(척) 보기에 --

at fist glance -

at a glance -

다시 생각해보면 --

On second thoughts,

<형용사>

중요한	important, significant, critical, crucial, essential

of (paramount) importance, of high significance

기본적  basic, fundamental, essential

핵심적	key, core, central, focal,

다양한/여러 various, a (wide) variety of - , a number of -, numerous,

수십/수백/수천	tens of -, hundreds of -, thousands of people

다르다  different from- , foreign to - , align to -

(동)differ from - , vary from -

* 논리,적절,적합,합당,적합한

logical, proper, appropriate, reasonable, adequate

* 가능한,실행가능한,실용적, 유용한

feasible, applicable, practicable, practical, useful

* 만병통치적 -

a "do-it-all" approach

a "one-size-fits-all" program

* 민감한 노출된

delicate, sensitive,

vulnerable, exposed